Extra Cardiac Palliative Surgeries Systemic Arterial → PA Shunts To oxygenate the cyanotic blood. Systemic - PA shunts increase the blood flow to the pulmonary arteries in a regulated manner without overcirculation or heart failure. It leads to enlargement and growth of pulmonary arteries. These may be a part of stage I palliation in pts with single ventricle morphology (tricuspid atresia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome) A single ventricle maintains both systemic and pulmona

Deep spaces of neck Accurate interpretation of head and neck imaging requires an understanding of fascial layers, which cannot be precisely delineated with imaging; in practice, key anatomic landmarks define these fascial layers. Cross sectional imaging is the mainstay of evaluation. In certain scenarios ultrasound can also be used to assess the lesion. Neither CT or MRI is universally superior, both provide complementary diagnostic value. However, MRI is generally considered

Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography (CCTA) is the gold standard for evaluating coronary anatomy due to its high spatial resolution. Cardiac MR (CMR) is reserved for younger patients or functional ischemia assessment. 1. Normal Coronary Anatomy Common Origins and Branches Vessel Origin Main Branches Right Coronary (RCA) Right Coronary Sinus Acute marginals, PDA, PLB Left Main (LMCA) Left Posterior Sinus LAD, LCx Bifurcation Standard (≈68%) LAD and LCx only Trifurcation Ra